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@ -54,7 +54,6 @@ |
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(This was written to experiment with multi-channel multi-Tesla Coil music playing, |
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where I use Flexible Timer Module FTM0 for generating precise one-shot pulses. |
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But I ultimately switched to the polling version to play more simultaneous notes.) |
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www.github.com/LenShustek/Playtune_Teensy |
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www.github.com/LenShustek/ATtiny-playtune |
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This is a much simplified version that fits, with a small song, into an ATtiny |
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@ -66,7 +65,7 @@ |
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(Imagine what you can do with the $1 8-pin ATtiny85 with a whopping 8K!) |
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MIDITONES may also prove useful for other simple music synthesizers. There are |
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various forks of the code, and the Playtune players, on Githib. |
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various forks of this code, and of the Playtune players, on Githib. |
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*** THE PROGRAM |
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@ -138,8 +137,8 @@ |
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The following are lesser-used command-line options: |
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-c=n Only process the channel numbers whose bits are on in the number "n". |
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For example, -c3 means "only process channels 0 and 1". In addition to decimal, |
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"n" can be also specified in hex using a 0x prefix. |
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For example, -c3 means "only process channels 0 and 1". In addition to |
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decimal, "n" can be also specified in hex using a 0x prefix. |
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-dp Generate Arduino IDE-dependent C code that uses PROGMEM for the bytestream. |
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@ -153,10 +152,10 @@ |
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-n=x Put about "x" items on each line of the C file output |
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-p Only parse the MIDI file, and don't generate an output file. |
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Tracks are processed sequentially instead of being merged into chronological order. |
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This is mostly useful for debugging MIDI file parsing problems. |
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Tracks are processed sequentially instead of being merged into chronological |
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order. This is mostly useful for debugging MIDI file parsing problems. |
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-pi Ignore notes in the MIDI percussion track 9 (also called 10 by some) |
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-pi Ignore notes in the MIDI percussion track 9 (also called 10 in some documents) |
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-r Terminate the output file with a "restart" command instead of a "stop" command. |
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@ -166,14 +165,18 @@ |
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-h Give command-line help. |
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-showskipped Display information to the console each note that had to be skipped |
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because there weren't enough tone generators. |
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-showskipped Display information to the console about each note that had to be |
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skipped because there weren't enough tone generators. |
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-noduplicates Remove identical notes played on identical instruments for the same time |
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that come from different tracks. This can reduce the number of tone
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generators needed, and make the file smaller. |
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-delaymin=x Don't generate delays less than x milliseconds long, to reduce the number |
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of "delay" commands and thus make the bytestream smaller, at the expense of |
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moving notes slightly. The deficits are accumulated and eventually used, |
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so that there is no loss of synchronization in the long term. |
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The default is 0, which means timing is exact to the millisecond. |
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The default is 0, which means note timing is exact to the millisecond. |
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-releasetime=x Stop each note x milliseconds before it is supposed to end. This results |
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in better sound separation between notes. It might also allow more notes to |
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@ -189,10 +192,10 @@ |
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too short. (Only valid with -v.) |
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-attacknotemax=x Notes larger than x milliseconds won't have the attack/sustain profile |
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applied. That allows sustained organ-like pedaling. |
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applied. That allows sustained organ-like pedaling. (Only valid with -v.) |
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-sustainlevel=p The volume level during the sustain phase is p percent of the starting |
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note volume. (Only valid with -v.) |
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note volume. The default is 50. (Only valid with -v.) |
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-scorename Use <basefilename> as the name of the score in the generated C code |
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instead of "score", and name the file <basefilename>.h instead of |
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@ -205,7 +208,7 @@ |
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*** THE SCORE BYTESTREAM |
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The generated bytestream is a series of commands to turn notes on and off, |
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The generated bytestream is a series of commands that turn notes on and off, |
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change instruments, and request a delay until the next event time. |
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Here are the details, with numbers shown in hexadecimal. |
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@ -220,8 +223,8 @@ |
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8t Stop playing the note on tone generator t. |
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Ct ii Change tone generator t to play instrument ii from now on. This will only |
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be generated if the -i option was given. |
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Ct ii Change tone generator t to play instrument ii from now on. This will |
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only be generated if the -i option was given. |
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F0 End of score; stop playing. |
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@ -252,7 +255,7 @@ |
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ff2 Another byte of flags, currently undefined |
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tt The number (in one byte) of tone generators actually used in this music. |
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Any subsequent header bytes covered by the count, if present, are currently undefined |
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Any subsequent header bytes included in the length are currently undefined |
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and should be ignored by players. |
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Len Shustek, 2011 to 2021; see the change log. |
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@ -382,6 +385,15 @@ |
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22 April 2021, Len Shustek, V2.2 |
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-Add -showskipped to log the places where notes had to be discarded because |
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there aren't enough tone generators. |
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25 April 2021, Len Shustek, V2.3 |
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-Report how many notes were generated |
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5 May 2021, Len Shustek, V2.4 |
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-Fix bug: when finding an idle tone generator, makes sure that the track and |
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instrument of the currently playing note matches before deciding it's a sustain, |
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otherwise multiple identical notes on identical instruments will disappear. |
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(Thanks to Jonathan Oakley for providing an example of the problem.) |
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-But sometimes, to reduce the number of tone generators, it's helpful to eliminate |
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identical notes. So add a -noduplicates option to do just that. |
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future version ideas |
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@ -397,7 +409,7 @@ future version ideas |
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channel 8 // organ
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options -attacktime=1000 -sustainlevel=80% -releasetime=100 -notemin=200 |
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*/ |
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#define VERSION "2.2" |
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#define VERSION "2.4" |
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/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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@ -408,7 +420,7 @@ Gleaned from http://www.music.mcgill.ca/~ich/classes/mumt306/StandardMIDIfilefor |
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but also check out http://midi.teragonaudio.com/tech/miditech.htm
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Notation: |
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<xxx> is 1-4 bytes of 7-bit data, concatenated into one 7- to 28-bit number. The high bit of the last byte is 0. |
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<xxx> is 1-4 bytes of 7-bit data, concatenated into one 7 to 28-bit number. The high bit of the last byte is 0. |
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lower case letters are hex digits. If preceeded by 0, only low 7 bits are used. |
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"xx" are ascii text characters |
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{xxx}... means indefinite repeat of xxx |
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@ -457,28 +469,31 @@ a Sysex event track_event is: |
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a meta event track_event is: |
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FF 00 02 ssss specify sequence number |
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FF 01 <len> "xx"... arbitrary text |
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FF 01 <len> "xx"... arbitrary description text |
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FF 02 <len> "xx"... copyright notice |
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FF 03 <len> "xx"... sequence or track name |
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FF 04 <len> "xx"... instrument name |
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FF 05 <len> "xx"... lyric to be sung |
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FF 06 <len> "xx"... name of marked point in the score |
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FF 07 <len> "xx"... description of cue point in the score |
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FF 08 <len> "xx"... program name |
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FF 09 <len> "xx"... device (port) name |
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FF 20 01 0c default channel for subsequent events without a channel is c |
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FF 21 01 pp MIDI port is pp |
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FF 2F 00 end of track |
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FF 51 03 tttttt set tempo in microseconds per quarter-note, for all tracks |
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FF 51 03 tttttt set tempo in microseconds per beat (quarter-note), for all tracks |
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FF 54 05 hhmmssfrff set SMPTE time to start the track |
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FF 58 04 nnddccbb set time signature |
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FF 59 02 sfmi set key signature |
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FF 7F <len> data sequencer-specific data |
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Note that "set tempo" events are supposed to occur in only one track (generally the first), |
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which may or may not also contain MIDI note events. |
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which may or may not also contain MIDI note events. That isn't always true, however, |
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See https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1080297/how-does-midi-tempo-message-apply-to-other-tracks
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ |
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/*--------------- processing outline -----------------------------------
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Lots of details are omitted. Note that MIDI track parsing is based |
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on counting "ticks", but our queueing is based on real-time seconds. |
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The number of ticks per second changes with the tempo. |
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@ -586,7 +601,7 @@ struct track_header { |
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bool loggen, logparse, parseonly, strategy1, strategy2, binaryoutput, define_progmem, |
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volume_output, instrumentoutput, percussion_ignore, percussion_translate, do_header, |
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gen_restart, scorename, showskipped; |
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gen_restart, scorename, showskipped, noduplicates; |
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FILE *infile, *outfile, *logfile; |
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uint8_t *buffer, *hdrptr; |
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unsigned long buflen; |
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@ -719,6 +734,7 @@ void SayUsage(char *programName) { |
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" -s1 strategy 1: favor track 1", |
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" -s2 strategy 2: try to assign tracks to specific tone generators", |
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" -showskipped display information about each note that had to be skipped", |
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" -noduplicates remove identical notes playing on different channels", |
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" -delaymin=x minimum delay is x msec, to save bytestream space", |
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" -attacktime=x the high volume attack phase lasts x msec", |
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" -attacknotemax=x notes over x msec don't use the attack/sustain profile", |
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@ -733,7 +749,8 @@ void SayUsage(char *programName) { |
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int HandleOptions (int argc, char *argv[]) { |
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/* returns the index of the first argument that is not an option,
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i.e. does not start with a dash or a slash */ |
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int i, firstnonoption = 0; for (i = 1; i < argc; i++) { |
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int i, firstnonoption = 0; |
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for (i = 1; i < argc; i++) { |
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if (argv[i][0] == '/' || argv[i][0] == '-') { |
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int tempint; |
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char *arg = argv[i] + 1; |
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@ -769,6 +786,7 @@ int HandleOptions (int argc, char *argv[]) { |
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else if (opt_key(arg, "s2")) strategy2 = true; |
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else if (opt_key(arg, "scorename")) scorename = true; |
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else if (opt_key(arg, "showskipped")) showskipped = true; |
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else if (opt_key(arg, "noduplicates")) noduplicates = true; |
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else if (opt_int(arg, "t", &num_tonegens, 1, MAX_TONEGENS)) |
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printf("Using %d tone generators\n", num_tonegens); |
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else if (opt_key(arg, "v")) volume_output = true; |
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@ -879,7 +897,11 @@ void outfile_items (int n) { |
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//******* structures for recording track, channel, and tone generator status
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// Note that the tempo can change as notes are played, maybe many times.
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// Note that the tempo can change while notes are being played, maybe many times.
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// Although the score timing is specified in the MIDI file in ticks, we queue and
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// issue note events based on microseconds since the start of the song. We convert
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// ticks to microseconds, using the current tempo, as the MIDI events from the
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// various tracks are processsed in tick order.
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// In order to keep track of how long notes are to play, we have to incrementally
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// accumulate the duration of all playing notes every time the tempo changes, and
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// then one final time when the "stop note" event occurs.
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@ -889,6 +911,7 @@ struct noteinfo { // everything we might care about as a note |
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int track, channel, note, instrument, volume; // all the nitty-gritty about it
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}; |
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struct tonegen_status { // current status of a tone generator
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bool playing; // is it playing?
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bool stopnote_pending; // are we due to issue a stop note command?
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@ -899,7 +922,7 @@ struct track_status { // current status of a MIDI track |
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uint8_t *trkptr; // ptr to the next event we care about
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uint8_t *trkend; // ptr just past the end of the track
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unsigned long time; // what time we're at in the score, in ticks
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unsigned long tempo; // the last tempo set on this track
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unsigned long tempo; // the last tempo set by this track
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int preferred_tonegen; // for strategy2: try to use this generator
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byte cmd; // next CMD_xxxx event coming up
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byte chan, note, volume; // if it is CMD_PLAYNOTE or CMD_STOPNOTE, the note info
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@ -945,6 +968,7 @@ still plenty long. |
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struct queue_entry { // the format of each queue entry
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byte cmd; // CMD_PLAY or CMD_STOP
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byte delete; // delete this command due to "-noduplicates"?
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struct noteinfo note; // info about the note, including the action time
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} queue[QUEUE_SIZE]; |
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@ -960,7 +984,7 @@ void show_queue(void) { // for debugging: dump the whole event queue |
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int ndx = queue_oldest_ndx; |
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if (queue_numitems > 0) while (1) { |
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struct queue_entry *q = &queue[ndx]; |
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fprintf(fid, "%2d: %s %s\n", ndx, q->cmd == CMD_PLAYNOTE ? "PLAY" : "STOP", describe(&q->note)); |
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fprintf(fid, "%2d: %s %s %s\n", ndx, q->cmd == CMD_PLAYNOTE ? "PLAY" : "STOP", q->delete ? "deleted" : "", describe(&q->note)); |
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if (ndx == queue_newest_ndx) break; |
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if (++ndx >= QUEUE_SIZE) ndx = 0; } } |
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@ -984,7 +1008,8 @@ int find_idle_tgen(struct noteinfo *np) { // returns -1 if there isn't one |
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for (tgnum = 0; tgnum < num_tonegens; ++tgnum) { // first, is this note already playing on this channel?
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tg = &tonegen[tgnum]; |
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if (tg->playing |
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&& tg->note.note == np->note && tg->note.channel == np->channel) { |
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&& tg->note.note == np->note && tg->note.channel == np->channel |
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&& tg->note.track == np->track && tg->note.instrument == np->instrument) { |
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// this must be the start of the sustain phase of a playing note
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++playnotes_without_stopnotes; |
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if (loggen) fprintf(logfile, " *** playnote without stopnote, tgen %d, %s\n", |
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@ -1014,8 +1039,9 @@ int find_idle_tgen(struct noteinfo *np) { // returns -1 if there isn't one |
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void remove_queue_entry(int ndx) { // remove the oldest queue entry
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struct queue_entry *q = &queue[ndx]; |
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if (q->delete) return; // if marked for deletion, just ignore it
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if (q->cmd == CMD_STOPNOTE) { |
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if (loggen) fprintf(logfile, " dequeue stopnote for %s\n", describe(&q->note)); |
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// find the tone generator playing this note, and record a pending stop
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int tgnum; |
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for (tgnum = 0; tgnum < num_tonegens; ++tgnum) { |
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@ -1036,6 +1062,7 @@ void remove_queue_entry(int ndx) { // remove the oldest queue entry |
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else { // CMD_PLAYNOTE
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assert(q->cmd == CMD_PLAYNOTE, "bad cmd in remove_queue_entry"); |
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if (loggen) fprintf(logfile, " dequeue playnote for %s\n", describe(&q->note)); |
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int tgnum = find_idle_tgen(&q->note); |
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struct tonegen_status *tg = &tonegen[tgnum]; |
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if (tgnum >= 0) { // we found a tone generator we can use
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@ -1120,7 +1147,7 @@ void pull_queue(void) { |
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--queue_numitems; } |
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while (queue_numitems > 0 && queue[queue_oldest_ndx].note.time_usec <= oldtime + (timestamp)delaymin_usec); |
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// do any "stop notes" still needed to be generated?
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// do any "stop notes" still need to be generated?
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for (int tgnum = 0; tgnum < num_tonegens; ++tgnum) { |
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struct tonegen_status *tg = &tonegen[tgnum]; |
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if (tg->stopnote_pending) { // got one
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@ -1138,12 +1165,57 @@ void pull_queue(void) { |
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void flush_queue(void) { // empty the queue
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while (queue_numitems > 0) pull_queue(); } |
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// find the queue entry for the playnote matching the stopnote in queue[search_ndx]
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int queue_find_playnote(int search_ndx) { |
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if (loggen) fprintf(logfile, " queue_find_playnote(%d), %s: ", search_ndx, describe(&queue[search_ndx].note)); |
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for (int ndx = queue_newest_ndx;;) { |
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if (ndx != search_ndx // don't look at the entry we're trying to match
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&& !queue[ndx].delete // don't re-find queue entries already deleted
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&& queue[ndx].cmd == CMD_PLAYNOTE // must match playnote
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&& queue[ndx].note.channel == queue[search_ndx].note.channel //also channel, track, note, and instrument
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&& queue[ndx].note.track == queue[search_ndx].note.track |
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&& queue[ndx].note.note == queue[search_ndx].note.note |
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&& queue[ndx].note.instrument == queue[search_ndx].note.instrument ) { |
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if (loggen) fprintf(logfile, "found ndx %d\n", ndx); |
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return ndx; } |
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if (ndx == queue_oldest_ndx) break; |
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if (--ndx < 0) ndx = QUEUE_SIZE - 1; } |
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if (loggen) fprintf(logfile, "not found\n"); |
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return -1; } |
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// find a queue entry for another stopnote matching the stopnote in queue[search_ndx]
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int queue_find_stopnote(int search_ndx) { |
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if (loggen) fprintf(logfile, " queue_find_stopnote(%d), %s: ", search_ndx, describe(&queue[search_ndx].note)); |
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for (int ndx = queue_newest_ndx;;) { |
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if (ndx != search_ndx // don't look at the entry we're trying to match
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&& !queue[ndx].delete // don't re-find queue entries already deleted
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&& queue[ndx].cmd == CMD_STOPNOTE // must match stopnote
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&& queue[ndx].note.time_usec == queue[search_ndx].note.time_usec // also time, note, and instrument
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&& queue[ndx].note.note == queue[search_ndx].note.note |
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&& queue[ndx].note.instrument == queue[search_ndx].note.instrument) { |
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if (loggen) fprintf(logfile, "found ndx %d\n", ndx); |
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return ndx; } |
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if (ndx == queue_oldest_ndx) break; |
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if (--ndx < 0) ndx = QUEUE_SIZE - 1; } |
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if (loggen) fprintf(logfile, "not found\n"); |
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return -1; } |
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// For -noduplicates, mark for deletion any note start/stop identical to the CMD_STOPNOTE we just queued
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void remove_queue_duplicates(int stop_ndx) { |
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int play_ndx, dup_play_ndx, dup_stop_ndx; |
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if ((play_ndx = queue_find_playnote(stop_ndx)) >= 0 // find its matching playnote
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&& (dup_stop_ndx = queue_find_stopnote(stop_ndx)) >= 0 // find another stopnote for the same note at the same time
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&& (dup_play_ndx = queue_find_playnote(dup_stop_ndx)) >= 0 // find its matching playnote
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&& queue[dup_play_ndx].note.time_usec == queue[play_ndx].note.time_usec) { // if it starts at the same time, delete it
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if (loggen) fprintf(logfile, " remove duplicate, ndxs %d, %d: %s\n", dup_play_ndx, dup_stop_ndx, describe(&queue[dup_play_ndx].note)); |
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queue[dup_play_ndx].delete = queue[dup_stop_ndx].delete = true; } } |
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// queue a "note on" or "note off" command
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void queue_cmd(byte cmd, struct noteinfo *np) { |
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if (loggen) fprintf(logfile, " queue %s %s\n", |
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cmd == CMD_PLAYNOTE ? "PLAY" : cmd == CMD_STOPNOTE ? "STOP" : "????", |
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describe(np)); |
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if (queue_numitems == QUEUE_SIZE) pull_queue(); |
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if (queue_numitems >= QUEUE_SIZE) pull_queue(); |
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assert(queue_numitems < QUEUE_SIZE, "no room in queue"); |
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timestamp horizon = output_usec + output_deficit_usec; |
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if (np->time_usec < horizon) { // don't allow revisionist history
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@ -1175,9 +1247,10 @@ void queue_cmd(byte cmd, struct noteinfo *np) { |
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if (++ndx >= QUEUE_SIZE) ndx = 0; } |
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insert: // store the item at ndx
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++queue_numitems; |
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queue[ndx].cmd = cmd; // fille in the queue entry
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queue[ndx].cmd = cmd; // fill in the queue entry
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queue[ndx].delete = false; |
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queue[ndx].note = *np; // structure copy of the note
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} |
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if (noduplicates && cmd == CMD_STOPNOTE) remove_queue_duplicates(ndx); } |
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void show_queue_cmd(timestamp time_usec, byte cmd, int note) { |
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printf("debug queue %s note %02X at %6ld\n", cmd == CMD_PLAYNOTE ? "PLAY" : "STOP", note, time_usec); |
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@ -1364,7 +1437,7 @@ show_hex: |
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note_off: if (logparse) fprintf(logfile, "note %d (0x%02X) off, channel %d, volume %d\n", t->note, t->note, chan, t->volume); |
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if ((1 << chan) & channel_mask // we're processing this channel
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&& (!percussion_ignore || chan != PERCUSSION_TRACK)) { // and not ignoring percussion
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if (!instrumentoutput) t->chan = 0; // if no insruments, force all notes to channel 0
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if (!instrumentoutput) t->chan = 0; // if no instruments, force all notes to channel 0
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t->cmd = CMD_STOPNOTE; /* stop processing and return */ |
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return; } |
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break; |
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@ -1376,7 +1449,7 @@ note_off: if (logparse) fprintf(logfile, "note %d (0x%02X) off, channel %d, vo |
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if (logparse) fprintf(logfile, "note %d (0x%02X) on, channel %d, volume %d\n", t->note, t->note, chan, t->volume); |
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if ((1 << chan) & channel_mask // we're processing this channel
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&& (!percussion_ignore || chan != PERCUSSION_TRACK)) { // and not ignoring percussion
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if (!instrumentoutput) t->chan = 0; // if no insruments, force all notes to channel 0
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if (!instrumentoutput) t->chan = 0; // if no instruments, force all notes to channel 0
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t->cmd = CMD_PLAYNOTE; /* stop processing and return */ |
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return; } |
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break; |
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@ -1492,7 +1565,7 @@ void process_track_data(void) { |
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++noteinfo_notfound; // presumably the array overflowed on input
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if (loggen) fprintf(logfile, " *** noteinfo slot not found to stop track %d note %d (%02X) channel %d\n", |
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tracknum, trk->note, trk->note, trk->chan); } |
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else { |
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else { // found the playing note for this stopnote
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// Analyze the sustain and release parameters. We might generate another "note on"
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// command with reduced volume, and/or move the stopnote command earlier than now.
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struct noteinfo *np = &cp->notes_playing[ndx]; |
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@ -1563,7 +1636,7 @@ int main (int argc, char *argv[]) { |
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#define MAXPATH 120 |
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char filename[MAXPATH]; |
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printf ("MIDITONES V%s, (C) 2011-2020 Len Shustek\n", VERSION); |
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printf ("MIDITONES V%s, (C) 2011-2021 Len Shustek\n", VERSION); |
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if (argc == 1) { // no arguments
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SayUsage (argv[0]); |
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return 1; } |
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@ -1700,11 +1773,11 @@ int main (int argc, char *argv[]) { |
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// generate the ending commentary
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if (!binaryoutput) { |
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fprintf(outfile, "\n// This score contains %ld bytes, and %d tone generator%s used.\n", |
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|
outfile_bytecount, num_tonegens_used, |
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|
num_tonegens_used == 1 ? " is" : "s are"); |
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fprintf(outfile, "\n// This %ld byte score contains %d notes and uses %d tone generator%s\n", |
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|
outfile_bytecount, note_on_commands, num_tonegens_used, |
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|
num_tonegens_used == 1 ? "" : "s"); |
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|
if (notes_skipped) |
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fprintf(outfile, "// %d notes had to be skipped.\n", notes_skipped); } |
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|
fprintf(outfile, "// %d notes had to be skipped\n", notes_skipped); } |
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|
printf(" %s %d tone generators were used.\n", |
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|
|
num_tonegens_used < num_tonegens ? "Only" : "All", num_tonegens_used); |
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if (notes_skipped) |
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Len Shustek
4 years ago